PENYAKIT MULUT & KUKU
Penyakit mulut dan kuku (PMK) adalah penyakit virus ternak yang parah dan sangat menular yang memiliki dampak ekonomi yang signifikan. Penyakit ini menyerang sapi, babi, domba, kambing dan ruminansia berkuku belah lainnya. Merupakan penyakit hewan lintas batas (transboundary animal disease TAD) yang sangat mempengaruhi produksi ternak dan mengganggu perdagangan hewan dan produk hewan regional dan internasional. Penyakit ini diperkirakan beredar di 77% dari populasi ternak global, di Afrika, Timur Tengah dan Asia, serta di daerah terbatas di Amerika Selatan. Negara-negara yang saat ini bebas dari PMK tanpa vaksinasi tetap berada di bawah ancaman serangan yang konstan. Tujuh puluh lima persen dari biaya yang terkait dengan pencegahan dan pengendalian PMK dikeluarkan oleh negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah dan menengah ke bawah. Afrika dan Eurasia adalah wilayah yang menanggung biaya terbesar, masing-masing menyumbang 50% dan 33% dari total biaya. PMK disebabkan oleh Aphthovirus dari famili Picornaviridae, tujuh strain (A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, dan Asia1) endemik di berbagai negara di dunia. Setiap strain membutuhkan vaksin khusus untuk memberikan kekebalan pada hewan yang divaksinasi. Pencegahannya didasarkan pada adanya sistem deteksi dini dan peringatan serta penerapan pengawasan yang efektif di antara langkah-langkah lainnya. PMK adalah penyakit pertama di mana OIE menetapkan daftar resmi negara bebas penyakit yang dapat diakui secara resmi sebagai negara bebas penyakit baik secara keseluruhan atau di zona dan kompartemen yang ditentukan.
Kode terestrial dan Panduan Kesiagaan Darurat
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Kode terestrial
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Panduan terestrial
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Kiat Vetindo PMK
Apa itu PMK?
Penyakit kaki dan mulut (PMK) adalah penyakit virus ternak yang parah dan sangat menular yang memiliki dampak ekonomi yang signifikan. Penyakit ini menyerang sapi, babi, domba, kambing, dan ruminansia berkuku belah lainnya.
Hewan yang dipelihara secara intensif lebih rentan terhadap penyakit dibandingkan dengan breed tradisional. Penyakit ini jarang berakibat fatal pada hewan dewasa, tetapi sering terjadi kematian yang tinggi pada hewan muda karena miokarditis atau, ketika bendungan terinfeksi oleh penyakit, kekurangan susu.
PMK ditandai dengan demam dan luka seperti melepuh di lidah dan bibir, di mulut, di puting susu dan di sela-sela kuku. Penyakit ini menyebabkan kerugian produksi yang parah, dan sementara sebagian besar hewan yang terkena pulih, penyakit ini sering membuat mereka lemah dan lemah.
Organisme penyebab PMK adalah aphthovirus dari famili Picornaviridae. Terdapat tujuh strain (A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, dan Asia1) yang endemik di berbagai negara di dunia. Setiap strain memerlukan vaksin khusus untuk memberikan kekebalan pada hewan yang divaksinasi.
Ketujuh serotipe juga telah ditemukan pada satwa liar, meskipun yang terakhir tidak memainkan peran penting dalam pemeliharaan penyakit. Sampai saat ini, satu-satunya reservoir yang dikonfirmasi di alam liar adalah kerbau Afrika Syncerus caffer).
PMK adalah penyakit yang terdaftar di WOAH dan harus dilaporkan ke Organisasi, seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Kode Kesehatan Hewan Terestrial .
Ini adalah penyakit pertama yang ditetapkan oleh Organisasi Kesehatan Hewan Dunia (WOAH, didirikan sebagai OIE) sebagai pengakuan status resmi. Anggota juga dapat mengajukan permohonan dukungan resmi untuk program kontrol nasional mereka.
Transmisi dan penyebaran
PMK ditemukan di semua ekskresi dan sekresi dari hewan yang terinfeksi. Khususnya, hewan-hewan ini mengeluarkan sejumlah besar virus aerosol, yang dapat menginfeksi hewan lain melalui jalur pernapasan atau mulut.
Virus mungkin ada dalam susu dan air mani hingga 4 hari sebelum hewan menunjukkan tanda-tanda klinis penyakit.
Pentingnya PMK terkait dengan kemudahan penyebaran virus melalui salah satu atau semua hal berikut:
- hewan yang terinfeksi yang baru dimasukkan ke dalam kawanan (membawa virus dalam air liur, susu, air mani, dll.);
- kandang/bangunan yang terkontaminasi atau kendaraan pengangkut hewan yang terkontaminasi;
- bahan yang terkontaminasi seperti jerami, pakan, air, susu, atau bahan biologis;
- pakaian, alas kaki, atau peralatan yang terkontaminasi;
- daging yang terinfeksi virus atau produk hewan lain yang terkontaminasi (jika diberikan kepada hewan saat mentah atau dimasak dengan tidak benar);
- aerosol yang terinfeksi (penyebaran virus dari properti yang terinfeksi melalui aliran udara).
Hewan yang telah pulih dari infeksi terkadang dapat membawa virus dan memulai wabah baru penyakit.
Risiko kesehatan masyarakat
PMK tidak mudah menular ke manusia dan bukan merupakan risiko kesehatan masyarakat.
Tanda-tanda klinis
Keparahan gejala klinis akan tergantung pada strain virus, dosis paparan, usia dan spesies hewan dan kekebalan inang. Morbiditas dapat mencapai 100% pada populasi yang rentan. Kematian umumnya rendah pada hewan dewasa (1-5%), tetapi lebih tinggi pada anak sapi muda, domba dan anak babi (20% atau lebih tinggi). Masa inkubasi adalah 2–14 hari.
Tanda-tanda klinis dapat berkisar dari ringan atau tidak terlihat hingga parah: lebih parah pada sapi dan babi yang dipelihara secara intensif daripada pada domba dan kambing.
Gejala klinis yang khas adalah munculnya lepuh (atau vesikel) pada hidung, lidah atau bibir, di dalam rongga mulut, di antara jari kaki, di atas kuku, pada puting susu dan pada titik-titik tekanan pada kulit. Lepuh yang pecah dapat menyebabkan kepincangan yang ekstrem dan keengganan untuk bergerak atau makan. Biasanya, lepuh sembuh dalam 7 hari (terkadang lebih lama), tetapi komplikasi, seperti infeksi bakteri sekunder pada lepuh terbuka, juga dapat terjadi.
Gejala lain yang sering terjadi adalah demam, depresi, hipersalivasi, kehilangan nafsu makan, penurunan berat badan, keterlambatan pertumbuhan dan penurunan produksi susu, yang dapat bertahan bahkan setelah pemulihan. Hewan yang terkena dampak kronis dilaporkan mengalami penurunan produksi susu secara keseluruhan sebesar 80%. Kesehatan anak sapi muda, domba, dan anak babi dapat terganggu oleh kekurangan susu jika terinfeksi.
Kematian dapat terjadi sebelum timbulnya lepuh akibat miokarditis multifokal. Myositis juga dapat terjadi di kasus yang lain.
Informasi lebih lanjut tentang penyakit ini dapat ditemukan di Informasi Teknis PMK .
Diagnostik
Penyakit ini dapat dicurigai berdasarkan gejala klinis. Namun, PMK tidak dapat dibedakan secara klinis dari penyakit vesikular lainnya, seperti penyakit vesikular babi, stomatitis vesikular, dan eksantema vesikular.
Konfirmasi kasus dugaan PMK melalui tes laboratorium oleh karena itu merupakan hal yang mendesak. Tes yang relevan dijelaskan dalam Panduan Terestrial.
Kontrol dan pencegahan
Langkah-langkah awal yang diuraikan dalam strategi pengendalian penyakit Mulut dan Pangan Global adalah adanya sistem deteksi dini dan peringatan serta pelaksanaan surveilans yang efektif sesuai dengan pedoman yang dirinci dalam Kode terestrial . Mereka membantu memantau terjadinya dan prevalensi penyakit dan memungkinkan karakterisasi virus PMK.
Penerapan strategi pengendalian PMK bervariasi dari satu negara ke negara lain dan tergantung pada situasi epidemiologi penyakit:
Secara umum, pemilik dan produsen ternak harus menjaga praktik biosekuriti yang baik untuk mencegah masuknya dan penyebaran virus.
Tindakan yang direkomendasikan di tingkat petani meliputi:
- kontrol atas akses masyarakat terhadap ternak dan peralatan;
- mengontrol masuknya hewan baru ke dalam kawanan yang ada;
- pembersihan dan disinfeksi kandang, bangunan, kendaraan, dan peralatan ternak secara teratur;
- pemantauan dan pelaporan penyakit;
- pembuangan kotoran dan bangkai yang benar.
Perencanaan kontinjensi untuk potensi wabah akan mengidentifikasi elemen-elemen yang termasuk dalam upaya penanggulangan untuk memberantas penyakit, seperti:
- penghancuran manusiawi semua hewan yang terinfeksi, pulih, dan rentan PMK;
- pembuangan bangkai dan semua produk hewani dengan benar;
- pengawasan dan penelusuran ternak yang berpotensi terinfeksi atau terpapar;
- Karantina dan kontrol ketat terhadap pergerakan ternak, peralatan, kendaraan, dan;
- desinfeksi menyeluruh terhadap tempat dan semua bahan yang terinfeksi (peralatan, mobil, pakaian, dll.).
Penggunaan vaksinasi
Bergantung pada situasi PMK, strategi vaksinasi dapat dirancang untuk mencapai cakupan massal atau ditargetkan pada sub-populasi atau zona hewan tertentu. Program vaksinasi yang dilakukan pada populasi sasaran harus memenuhi beberapa kriteria kritis, terutama:
- cakupan harus minimal 80%;
- kampanye harus diselesaikan dalam waktu sesingkat mungkin;
- vaksinasi harus dijadwalkan untuk memungkinkan gangguan dari kekebalan ibu;
- vaksin harus diberikan dalam dosis yang benar;
Vaksin yang digunakan harus memenuhi standar potensi dan keamanan WOAH, dan strain atau strain dalam vaksin harus sesuai dengan antigen yang beredar di lapangan.
Penting untuk menggunakan vaksin virus yang tidak aktif, karena virus yang tidak aktif tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk berkembang biak pada hewan yang divaksinasi. Penggunaan vaksin virus hidup tidak dapat diterima karena bahaya kembalinya ke virulensi
Vaksinasi dapat berperan dalam strategi pengendalian PMK yang efektif, tetapi keputusan apakah akan menggunakan vaksinasi atau tidak berada pada otoritas nasional.
Untuk informasi lebih lanjut tentang vaksinasi PMK, lihat FAQ.
Distribusi geografis
PMK endemik di beberapa bagian Asia dan di sebagian besar Afrika dan Timur Tengah. Di Amerika Latin, sebagian besar negara menerapkan zonasi dan diakui bebas PMK, baik dengan atau tanpa vaksinasi.
Australia, Selandia Baru, Amerika Tengah dan Utara, serta benua Eropa Barat saat ini bebas dari PMK. Namun, PMK adalah penyakit hewan lintas batas yang dapat terjadi secara sporadis di area yang biasanya bebas.
In accordance with the WOAH procedure for official recognition of disease status, this page provides access to the List of WOAH Members officially recognised free from foot and mouth disease (FMD) by the WOAH through the adoption of a resolution by the World Assembly of Delegates (Assembly) of the WOAH at the General Session in May every year.
A Member wishing to be officially recognised as disease-free by the WOAH should submit the questionnaire laid out in Chapter 1.6. of the Terrestrial Animal Health Code (Terrestrial Code) and comply with all requirements specified in the Terrestrial Code for FMD. The WOAH Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases (Scientific Commission) is responsible for undertaking, on behalf of the Assembly, the assessment of WOAH Members’ applications for their compliance with WOAH standards. The assessment carried out by the Scientific Commission is based on the recommendations formulated by a relevant ad hoc Group composed of world specialists in disease control.
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Questionnaire
A_Questionnaire_FMD
.doc – 157 KB See the document -
Questionnaire
A_Questionnaire_FMD__programme
.doc – 78 KB See the document
Subsequent to a disease outbreak or when the Scientific Commission determines that the conditions are not met anymore to demonstrate compliance with the relevant requirements of the Terrestrial Code, a disease status may be suspended. The Scientific Commission may decide to reinstate the suspended status when a Member has submitted an application which fulfils all the requirements requested for the recovery of official disease status laid out in the relevant Chapters of the Terrestrial Code. The suspensions and recoveries of disease status are announced by the Director General of the WOAH in consultation with the Scientific Commission and the list of these is kept up to date until adoption of a new resolution by the Assembly the following May.
Members with a disease free status officially recognised by the WOAH must submit an annual reconfirmation form by the end of November every year.
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.docx – 60 KB See the document
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.docx – 36 KB See the document
Map of FMD official status
List of FMD free Members
According to Resolution No. 11 (89th General Session, May 2022)
FMD free where vaccination is not practised
Members recognised as FMD free where vaccination is not practised, according to the provisions of Chapter 8.8. of the Terrestrial Code :
Albania | Germany | North Macedonia (Rep. of) |
Australia | Greece | Norway |
Austria | Guatemala | Panama |
Belarus | Guyana | Peru |
Belgium | Haiti | Philippines |
Belize | Honduras | Poland |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Hungary | Portugal (4) |
Brunei | Iceland | Romania |
Bulgaria | Ireland | San Marino |
Canada | Italy | Serbia (5) |
Chile | Japan | Singapore |
Costa Rica | Latvia | Slovakia |
Croatia | Lesotho | Slovenia |
Cuba | Lithuania | Spain (6) |
Cyprus | Luxembourg | Suriname |
Czech Rep. | Madagascar | Sweden |
Denmark (1) | Malta | Switzerland |
Dominican Republic | Mexico | The Netherlands |
El Salvador | Montenegro | Ukraine |
Estonia | New Caledonia | United Kingdom (7) |
Eswatini | New Zealand | United States of America (8) |
Finland (2) | Nicaragua | Vanuatu |
France (3) |
(2) Including Åland Islands.
(3) Including French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Réunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
(4) Including Azores and Madeira.
(5) Excluding Kosovo administered by the United Nations
(6) Including Balearic Islands and Canary Islands.
(7) Including Guernsey (incl. Alderney and Sark), Isle of Man, Jersey and Falkland Islands (Malvinas). (A dispute exists between the Government of Argentina and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) (see resolution 2065 (XX) of the General Assembly of the United Nations)..
(8) Including American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands.
FMD free where vaccination is practised
Members recognised as FMD free where vaccination is practised, according to the provisions of Chapter 8.8. of the Terrestrial Code :
Paraguay, Uruguay
FMD free zone where vaccination is not practised
Members having an FMD free zone(9) where vaccination is not practised, according to the provisions of Chapter 8.8. of the Terrestrial Code :
Argentina Map |
+ one zone designated by the Delegate of Argentina in a document addressed to the Director General in January 2007; + the summer pasture zone in the Province of San Juan as designated by the Delegate of Argentina in a document addressed to the Director General in April 2011; + Patagonia Norte A as designated by the Delegate of Argentina in a document addressed to the Director General in October 2013; |
Bolivia Map |
+ one zone in the Macro-region of the Altiplano designated by the Delegate of Bolivia in documents addressed to the Director General in November 2011; + one zone consisting of the Department of Pando as designated by the Delegate of Bolivia in a document addressed to the Director General in August 2018; |
Botswana (*) Map |
+ four zones designated by the Delegate of Botswana in documents addressed to the Director General in August and November 2014 as follows: – one zone consisting of Zones 3c (Dukwi), 4b, 5, 6a, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13; – one zone consisting of Zone 3c (Maitengwe); – one zone covering Zone 4a; – one zone covering Zone 6b; + one zone covering Zone 3b designated by the Delegate of Botswana in a document addressed to the Director General in August 2016; + one zone covering Zone 7 designated by the Delegate of Botswana in a document addressed to the Director General in August 2018; |
Brazil Map |
+ State of Santa Catarina designated by the Delegate of Brazil in a document addressed to the Director General in February 2007; + three zones of Brazil as designated by the Delegate of Brazil in a document addressed to the Director General in August 2020 as follows: – State of Paraná; – State of Rio Grande do Sul; – one zone (Block 1) including the States of Acre and Rondônia and 14 municipalities in the State of Amazonas and five municipalities in the State of Mato Grosso; |
Chinese Taipei Map |
+ one zone covering Taiwan, Penghu and Matsu areas, as designated by the Delegate of Chinese Taipei in a document addressed to the Director General in September 2019; |
Colombia Map |
+ one zone designated by the Delegate of Colombia in documents addressed to the Director General in November 1995 and in April 1996 (Area I – Northwest region of Chocó Department); + one zone designated by the Delegate of Colombia in documents addressed to the Director General in January 2008 (Archipelago de San Andrés and Providencia); |
Ecuador Map |
+ one zone consisting of the insular territory of the Galápagos, as designated by the Delegate of Ecuador in a document addressed to the Director General in August 2014; |
Kazakhstan(**) Map |
+ four zones as designated by the Delegate of Kazakhstan in a document addressed to the Director General in August 2018 consisting of as follows: – Zone 1 consisting of West Kazakhstan, Atyrau, Mangystau and south-western part of Aktobe region; – Zone 2 including north-eastern part of Aktobe region, southern part of Kostanay region and western part of Karaganda region; – Zone 3 including northern and central parts of Kostanay region, western parts of North Kazakhstan and Akmola regions; – Zone 4 including central and eastern parts of North Kazakhstan region and northern parts of Akmola and Pavlodar regions; |
Malaysia Map |
+ one zone covering the provinces of Sabah and Sarawak as designated by the Delegate of Malaysia in a document addressed to the Director General in December 2003; |
Moldova Map |
+ one zone designated by the Delegate of Moldova in a document addressed to the Director General in July 2008; |
Namibia Map |
+ one zone designated by the Delegate of Namibia in a document addressed to the Director General in February 1997. |
Russia Map |
+ one zone designated by the Delegate of Russia in documents addressed to the Director General in August 2015 and March 2016; |
(*) Update on Resolution No. 11 adopted in May 2022 by the World Assembly of Delegates listing Botswana as having FMD free zones where vaccination is not practised: Botswana’s status of Zone 6b has been suspended with effect from 18 August 2022.
(**) Update on Resolution No. 11 adopted in May 2022 by the World Assembly of Delegates listing Kazakhstan as having four FMD free zones where vaccination is not practised: Kazakhstan’s status of Zones 1, 2, 3 and 4 has been suspended with effect from 9 June 2022.
FMD free zone where vaccination is practised
Members having an FMD free zone(10) where vaccination is practised, according to the provisions of Chapter 8.8. of the Terrestrial Code:
Argentina Map |
+ two separate zones designated by the Delegate of Argentina in documents addressed to the Director General in March 2007 and October 2013, and in August 2010 and February 2014; |
Bolivia Map |
+ one zone covering the regions of Chaco, Valles and parts of Amazonas and Altiplano as designated by the Delegate of Bolivia in documents addressed to the Director General in October 2013, February 2014 and August 2018; |
Brazil Map |
+ one zone consisting of two merged zones designated by the Delegate of Brazil in documents addressed to the Director General in August 2010, September 2017 and September 2019, covering the States of Alagoas, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espíritu Santo, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Maranhão, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Roraima, São Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins and Distrito Federal, with the exclusion of the municipalities of the States of Amazonas and Mato Grosso that are part of the zone of Block 1 (free from FMD where vaccination is not practised) as addressed to the Director General in August 2020; |
Chinese Taipei Map |
+ one zone consisting of Kinmen County as designated by the Delegate of Chinese Taipei in a document addressed to the OIE Director General in September 2017; |
Colombia Map |
+ three separated zones designated by the Delegate of Colombia in documents addressed to the Director General in September 2019 as follows: – Zone I (Northern border) consisting of Departments of La Guajira, Cesar and part of the Department of Norte de Santander; – Zone III (Trade) consisting of the Departments of Atlántico, Córdoba, Magdalena, Sucre and part of Antioquia, Bolívar and Chocó Departments; – Zone IV (Rest of the country), consisting of the Departments of Amazonas, Caldas, Caquetá, Cauca, Casanare, Cundinamarca, Guainía, Guaviare, Huila, Meta, Nariño, Quindío, Putumayo, Risaralda, Santander, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vaupés and part of Antioquia, Bolívar, Boyacá, and Chocó Departments, + one zone consisting of two merged zones designated by the Delegate of Colombia in documents addressed to the Director General in September 2019 and in August 2020, which includes Zone II (Eastern border) and the former high surveillance zone covering the Departments of Arauca and Vichada and the municipality of Cubará of the Department of Boyacá; |
Ecuador Map |
+ one zone consisting of the continental Ecuador, as designated by the Delegate of Ecuador in a document addressed to the Director General in August 2014; |
Kazakhstan Map |
+ five separate zones designated by the Delegate of Kazakhstan in documents addressed to the Director General in August 2016 as follows: – one zone consisting of Almaty region; – one zone consisting of East Kazakhstan region; – one zone including part of Kyzylorda region, northern part of South Kazakhstan region, northern and central parts of Zhambyl region; – one zone including southern part of Kyzylorda region and south-western part of South Kazakhstan region; – one zone including south-eastern part of South Kazakhstan region and southern part of Zhambyl region; |
Russia Map |
+ two zones of Russia as designated by the Delegate of Russia in documents addressed to the Director General in August 2020 as follows: – Zone-South including Southern and North Caucasian Federal Districts, consisting of 13 Subjects: Rostov Oblast, Stavropol Krai, Krasnodar Krai, Volgograd Oblast, Astrakhan Oblast, Republic of Kalmykia, Chechen Republic, Republic of Ingushetia, Republic of Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of Adygea; – Zone-Sakhalin consisting of the Island of Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands; + one zone of Eastern Siberia consisting of two Subjects (Republic of Tuva and Republic of Buryatia) and one administrative Raion of the Republic of Altai (Kosh-Agachsky Raion) designated by the Delegate of Russia in a document addressed to the Director General in August 2021; |
Turkey Map |
+ one zone as designated by the Delegate of Turkey in a document addressed to the Director General in November 2009. |
List of Members with an endorsed official control programme for FMD
According to Resolution No. 12 (89th General Session, May 2022)
Endorsed official control programme for FMD
Members with an endorsed official control programme for FMD, according to the provisions of Chapter 8.8. of the Terrestrial Code:
Botswana | Kyrgyzstan | Namibia |
China (People’s Rep. of) | Mongolia | Thailand |
India | Morocco |
Suspension/reinstatement of status
Suspension of an “FMD free zone where vaccination is not practised” status
Botswana
Following an immediate notification and follow up report 1 received from the Delegate of Botswana on an outbreak of FMD in Butale crush, Masungu, the “FMD free zone where vaccination is not practised” status of Zone 6b of Botswana, consisting of part of Francistown as recognised by the World Assembly of Delegates in terms of Resolution No. 11 in May 2022, is suspended with effect from 18 August 2022.
Suspension of an “FMD free zone where vaccination is not practised” status
Kazakhstan
Following a letter received from the Delegate of Kazakhstan informing WOAH about the start of vaccination against FMD, the “FMD free zone where vaccination is not practised” status of Zone 1 (consisting of West Kazakhstan, Atyrau, Mangystau and south-western part of Aktobe region), Zone 2 (including north-eastern part of Aktobe region, southern part of Kostanay region and western part of Karaganda region), Zone 3 (including northern and central parts of Kostanay region, western parts of North Kazakhstan and Akmola regions) and Zone 4 (including central and eastern parts of North Kazakhstan region and northern parts of Akmola and Pavlodar regions) as recognised by the World Assembly of Delegates in terms of Resolution No. 11 in May 2022, is suspended with effect from 9 June 2022.
Suspension of an “FMD free country where vaccination is not practised” status
Indonesia
Following an immediate notification received from the OIE Delegate of Indonesia on an outbreak of FMD in Mojokerto, Sidoarjo, Gresik, and Lamongan districts in the province of Jawa Timur, the “FMD free country where vaccination is not practised” status of Indonesia as recognised by the OIE World Assembly of Delegates in terms of Resolution No. 13 in May 2021, is suspended with effect from 12 April 2022.
Suspension of an “FMD free zone where vaccination is not practised” status
Kazakhstan
Following an immediate notification received from the OIE Delegate of Kazakhstan on an outbreak of FMD in Shetskiy, Qaraghandy, the “FMD free zone where vaccination is not practised” status of Zone 5 of Kazakhstan including central and eastern parts of Karaganda region and southern parts of Akmola and Pavlodar regions as recognised by the OIE World Assembly of Delegates in terms of Resolution No. 13 in May 2021, is suspended with effect from 3 January 2022.
REFERENSI
- FAQ
- Fact Sheet – Iowa State University
- The Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University
- Merck Veterinary Manual
- Global Framework Kontrol Penyakit Hewan Lintas Batas (GF-TADs) dan PMK
- Laporan Pertemuan ke-22 OIE Pengendalian FFMD (Asia Tenggara-China 2016)
- Laporan Pertemuan ke-21 OIE Pengendalian FFMD (Asia Tenggara-China 2015)
- Analisis risiko serangan virus PMK eksotik ke Asia Tenggara (2017)
- Kegiatan Sub-Regional di SEACFMD
- Kampanye Penyakit Mulut dan Mulut Asia Tenggara dan China (SEACFMD)